Kesalahan missing conjunction dalam TOEFL (Structure & Written Expression) muncul ketika kalimat membutuhkan kata sambung (conjunction) untuk menghubungkan unsur bahasa—kata, frasa, klausa, bahkan paragraf—tetapi unsur penghubungnya hilang atau keliru. Menguasai conjunction akan membuat tulisan Anda logis, kohesif, dan sesuai standar akademik.
Missing Conjunction TOEFL
Apa Itu Conjunction?
Conjunction adalah kata sambung yang bertugas menghubungkan dua atau lebih unsur bahasa (kata ↔ kata, frasa ↔ frasa, klausa ↔ klausa, hingga paragraf ↔ paragraf). Dalam praktiknya, hubungan yang dibangun bisa berupa sebab–akibat, pertentangan/kontras, kesetaraan/penambahan, atau relasi informasi lain.
Secara garis besar, ada dua jenis:
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Common conjunction (umum/mandiri).
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Paired/Correlative conjunction (berpasangan, mis. either…or).
Conjunction Berdasarkan Fungsinya
Bagian ini menata ulang kategori fungsional yang ditampilkan dalam materi asli (cause, result/tujuan, kontras, kesetaraan/penambahan, waktu, dan syarat), lengkap dengan pola dan contoh.
1) Penunjuk Alasan (Cause)
Makna: “karena”.
Daftar umum
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because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that (mengantar klausa)
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because of, due to, owing to (mengantar frasa/nominal)
Pola dasar
| Pola | Contoh | Terjemah ringkas |
|---|---|---|
| because/since/as/for/now that/seeing that + clause (S+V+obj) | I didn’t attend the seminar because I was ill. | karena saya sakit |
| because of/due to/owing to + noun phrase/gerund/pronoun | I didn’t attend the seminar because of my illness. | dikarenakan sakit |
Pola ini disajikan eksplisit dalam materi; perhatikan perbedaan pengantar klausa vs pengantar frasa.
Contoh tambahan
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Now that the rain has stopped, we can start the match.
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Flights were delayed due to heavy fog.
Tip ujian: Periksa apakah setelah conjunction muncul klausa (butuh subjek + verba) atau frasa (nominal). Ini sering menjadi jebakan missing/incorrect conjunction.
2) Penunjuk Tujuan/Hasil/Akibat (Result & Purpose)
Makna: “sehingga/oleh karena itu/agar”.
Daftar umum: so, so that, in order that, in order to, consequently, therefore, thus, hence.
Aturan penting “so…that” vs “such…that”
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so + adjective/adverb + that → My father was so angry that he couldn’t speak.
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such + noun phrase + that → (bukan fokus latihan halaman ini, tetapi bandingannya dijelaskan di materi yang sama)
Materi menekankan konstruksi so + adj/adv + that untuk menyatakan akibat.
Penggunaan “therefore/consequently/thus/hence”
Kata-kata ini mengawali klausa yang menyimpulkan akibat dari pernyataan sebelumnya:
There was heavy fog at the airport; therefore, the flight was diverted.
Contoh tambahan (bernuansa tujuan)
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We left early so that we could avoid traffic.
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She studied overnight in order to meet the deadline.
3) Penunjuk Pertentangan/Kontras (Contrast & Concession)
Subordinating (klausa):
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though/even though/although + clause → Although she was confined, Kartini kept corresponding with her friends.
Prepositional (frasa):
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despite/in spite of + noun phrase/gerund/pronoun → In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
Keduanya bermakna “walaupun/meskipun”, tetapi struktur sesudahnya berbeda (frasa, bukan klausa).
Adversative connectors (antar-klausa/antar-kalimat):
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however, nevertheless, still, but, yet → He doesn’t earn much; however, he can fund his children’s college.
Tip ujian: Jika bagian yang kontras sesudah although/though/even though berupa frasa saja, itu salah. Ganti dengan despite/in spite of.
4) Hubungan Kesetaraan/Penambahan (Equality/Addition)
Materi memaparkan and sebagai penghubung unsur yang setara (bentuk dan fungsi sama): kata dengan kata, frasa dengan frasa, klausa dengan klausa. Contoh yang diberikan memperlihatkan penambahan informasi secara paralel.
Contoh serupa
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The policy improves air quality and restores the forest.
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He took my injured brother and called my parents. (dua tindakan setara)
5) Penunjuk Waktu (Time Relations)
Ketika/tatkala/sementara: as, when, while → My father came as/when I was studying.
Catatan: as bisa bermakna ganda—waktu atau sebab—lihat konteks.
Sebelum: before → Remove your shoes before entering the mosque.
Setelah: after → I have breakfast after taking a bath.
Sampai: until/till → I will wait for him until he comes.
Padahal (membandingkan keadaan berlawanan): whereas → She can’t travel, whereas she has a lot of money.
6) Penunjuk Syarat (Condition)
Daftar umum: if, unless, otherwise, or, providing that.
Contoh inti:
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If I hear any news, I’ll phone you.
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Unless you work hard, you will fail.
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Do the cleaning up, otherwise mother will be angry.
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I think you should wash the car, or your father won’t give you pocket money.
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I’ll come with you providing that you pick me up.
Catatan “otherwise” dan pengganti “or”
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otherwise menyatakan konsekuensi negatif jika syarat tak terpenuhi: We must be early; otherwise we won’t get seats.
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Dalam beberapa konteks, or dapat menggantikan fungsi otherwise (selain menyatakan pilihan).
Correlative Conjunction (Kata Sambung Berpasangan)
Correlative conjunctions selalu hadir berpasangan untuk menggabungkan kata, frasa, atau klausa. Materi memuat keempat pasang berikut: both…and; either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also.
Tabel Ringkas Correlative Conjunction
| Correlative | Fungsi | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| both … and … | Penambahan dua unsur yang sama penting | Both wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family. |
| either … or … | Pilihan salah satu | Either Mr. Anderson or Ms. Wiggins is going to teach our class today. |
| neither … nor … | Penyangkalan ganda (keduanya tidak) | Neither the manager nor the assistant was available. (dibangun sesuai pola yang ditunjukkan materi) |
| not only … but also … | Penegasan + penambahan | Their European tour includes not only Germany and Austria but also Switzerland. |
Tip ujian: Pastikan dua unsur setelah correlative sejenis (noun ↔ noun, frasa ↔ frasa, klausa ↔ klausa) agar paralel dan gramatikal.
Pola–Pola Kalimat yang Sering Diujikan
Berikut rekap pola yang secara eksplisit ditunjukkan di materi:
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Sebab (clause):
because/since/as/for/now that/seeing that + clause -
Sebab (phrase):
because of/due to/owing to + noun phrase/gerund/pronoun -
Akibat:
so + adj/adv + that; therefore/consequently/thus/hence untuk menyimpulkan akibat; so (coordinator) untuk konsekuensi langsung. -
Kontras:
although/though/even though + clause; despite/in spite of + phrase; however/nevertheless/still/but/yet. -
Kesetaraan/Penambahan:
and untuk menggabungkan unsur setara. -
Waktu:
as/when/while, before, after, until/till, serta whereas untuk “padahal” (membandingkan keadaan berlawanan). -
Syarat:
if, unless, otherwise, or, providing that (+ catatan otherwise).
Contoh Soal
Tujuan: mengasah kepekaan terhadap missing/incorrect conjunction sekaligus melatih pemilihan pola yang tepat (klausa vs frasa).
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It was raining; ____ , the match continued.
Pilihan: (A) because (B) however (C) due to (D) in order to
Jawab: B (however)—kontras antar-kalimat. Because/due to/in order to tidak tepat untuk menyambung dua klausa mandiri. -
The museum was closed ____ a public holiday.
(A) because (B) since (C) due to (D) therefore
Jawab: C—mengikuti frasa (a public holiday). -
The lecture was so long ____ many students left early.
(A) which (B) that (C) because (D) although
Jawab: B—pola so + adj/adv + that. -
____ she was tired, she finished the report on time.
(A) Despite (B) Though (C) In spite of (D) Due to
Jawab: B—butuh klausa setelah conjunction. Despite/in spite of + frasa. -
We’ll start the meeting ____ everyone arrives.
(A) until (B) when (C) whereas (D) therefore
Jawab: B—hubungan waktu “ketika”. -
You must submit the form; ____ your application won’t be processed.
(A) otherwise (B) because (C) since (D) though
Jawab: A—konsekuensi negatif bila syarat tidak terpenuhi. -
The proposal is not only ambitious ____ also feasible.
(A) and (B) but (C) but also (D) therefore
Jawab: C—correlative not only … but also. -
Either the interns ____ the supervisor is responsible for the minutes.
(A) nor (B) and (C) or (D) but
Jawab: C—either … or.
Latihan lanjutan: Ubah setiap contoh menjadi versi frasa atau klausa agar Anda terbiasa membedakan because vs because of, although vs in spite of, dll. (sesuai pola di atas).
Kesalahan Umum & Strategi Editing
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Mencampur pola klausa dan frasa
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Salah: Because of she was ill, she stayed home.
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Benar: Because she was ill… / Because of her illness… (lihat tabel sebab)
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Menghilangkan “that” pada pola “so … that”
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Salah: so angry he couldn’t speak (dalam konteks pola formal).
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Benar: so angry that he couldn’t speak.
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Menggunakan “despite/in spite of” dengan klausa
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Ganti dengan although/though/even though jika sesudahnya klausa.
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Kontras tanpa penghubung yang tepat
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Gunakan however/nevertheless/yet/still untuk mengontraskan dua klausa mandiri.
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Syarat tak terpenuhi tanpa penanda akibat
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Sertakan otherwise (atau or dalam fungsi serupa) untuk menandai konsekuensi.
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Tabel Pola & Makna
| Fungsi | Conjunction Utama | Struktur Wajib | Contoh Inti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sebab | because/since/as/for/now that/seeing that | + clause | We stayed home because it was raining. |
| because of/due to/owing to | + noun phrase/gerund/pronoun | The delay was due to heavy traffic. | |
| Akibat/Tujuan | so; therefore/consequently/thus/hence | antar-klausa/kalimat | It rained; therefore, we left. |
| so + adj/adv + that | pola kausalitas | so crowded that we left early | |
| Kontras | although/though/even though | + clause | Although she was tired… |
| despite/in spite of | + phrase | In spite of the noise… | |
| Kesetaraan/Penambahan | and | unsur sejenis | X and Y |
| Waktu | as/when/while; before/after; until/till | + clause | Wait until he comes. |
| Syarat | if/unless/otherwise/or/providing that | + clause | Submit the form; otherwise… |
Key Takeaways
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Pilah klausa vs frasa: because/since/as + clause; because of/due to + phrase. Ini pembeda paling sering dites.
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Kausatif-akibat: so (koordinator) untuk konsekuensi singkat; therefore/consequently/thus/hence untuk simpulan akibat antarkalimat. “so … that” wajib diikuti that.
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Kontras: although/though/even though (klausa) vs despite/in spite of (frasa); however/nevertheless/yet untuk menjembatani klausa mandiri.
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Waktu & syarat: gunakan as/when/while, before/after, until/till; untuk kondisi gunakan if/unless/otherwise/providing that.
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Correlative: gunakan pasangan utuh (both…and; either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also) dan jaga paralelisme unsur.
TERKAIT: Missing or Incomplete Comparison (TOEFL Structure): Cara Menghindari Perbandingan yang Keliru
Soal dan Pembahasan
Berikut paket latihan 20 soal bergaya TOEFL – fokus Missing Conjunction lengkap dengan pembahasan ringkas. Format: pilih penghubung (conjunction) yang tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat.
1) It was raining heavily; ____ the match continued.
A) because B) however C) due to D) in order to
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: However menyatakan kontras antar-klausa mandiri. Because/due to/in order to tidak cocok untuk menggabungkan dua klausa independen.
2) The museum was closed ____ a public holiday.
A) because B) since C) due to D) therefore
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Due to + frasa (a public holiday). Because/since mengantar klausa, therefore bukan preposisi.
3) The talk was ____ long ____ many students left early.
A) so / as B) so / that C) such / that D) very / that
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Pola akibat: so + adj/adv + that.
4) The flight was delayed; ____, passengers were offered vouchers.
A) therefore B) because C) although D) owing to
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Therefore menyatakan akibat/konklusi antar-kalimat. Because/although mengantar klausa bawahan; owing to preposisi.
5) ____ she was sick, she attended the meeting.
A) Despite B) Although C) Because of D) In spite of
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Although + klausa. Despite/In spite of/Because of + frasa.
6) ____ the heavy traffic, we arrived on time.
A) Although B) Though C) Despite D) Because
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Despite + frasa (the heavy traffic). Although/Though/Because butuh klausa.
7) He worked hard; ____, he failed the test.
A) therefore B) however C) since D) because of
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Kontras hasil vs usaha: however. Therefore menyimpulkan akibat; since/because of bukan penanda kontras.
8) The new policy reduces emissions ____ creates green jobs.
A) and B) but C) or D) because
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Penambahan informasi setara → and. But memberi kontras, or pilihan, because sebab.
9) I was reading ____ my brother came in.
A) when B) while C) until D) before
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: When menandai kejadian titik waktu yang memotong aktivitas. While lebih cocok untuk dua aksi simultan berjangka.
10) Please turn off your phone ____ the movie starts.
A) before B) after C) when D) since
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Before + klausa waktu; paling tepat dengan makna “sebelum mulai”.
11) We waited ____ the doctor arrived.
A) when B) after C) until D) whereas
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Until menandai batas waktu hingga suatu kejadian terjadi.
12) You won’t pass ____ you study harder.
A) if B) unless C) because D) although
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Unless = “kecuali jika tidak”; bentuk yang lazim untuk syarat negatif.
13) Bring your ID, ____ you won’t be allowed to enter.
A) because B) otherwise C) although D) unless
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Otherwise menyatakan konsekuensi bila syarat tak terpenuhi.
14) I’ll join the hike ____ the weather stays clear.
A) whereas B) despite C) provided that D) unless
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Provided (that)/Provided that/Providing that = “asalkan”. Unless memberi makna pengecualian yang berbeda.
15) ____ the interns ____ the supervisor was responsible for the error.
A) Both … and B) Either … or C) Neither … nor D) Not only … but also
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Neither … nor = “tidak … maupun …”. Cocok dengan verba tunggal (was) mengikuti subjek terdekat (supervisor).
16) ____ the manager ____ her deputy is going to lead the briefing today.
A) Both … and B) Either … or C) Neither … nor D) Not only … but also
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Either … or (salah satu). Verb setuju dengan subjek terdekat (deputy → is).
17) Their itinerary includes ____ Germany ____ Austria.
A) not only … but also B) either … and C) both … nor D) neither … or
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Pasangan benar: not only … but also. Opsi B/C/D tidak berpasangan dengan tepat.
18) The new guidelines are strict, ____ they are fair.
A) so B) yet C) until D) because of
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Yet menyatakan kontras yang mengimbangi (ketat namun adil).
19) She couldn’t travel, ____ she had enough money.
A) whereas B) until C) because D) as
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Whereas menyatakan kontras “padahal”, bukan waktu/sebab.
20) We left early ____ we could catch the first train.
A) so that B) such that C) therefore D) in spite of
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Tujuan: so that + clause. Such that dipakai dengan such + noun phrase, sedangkan therefore bukan subordinator.
SUMBER:
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Cambridge Grammar – Conjunctions and linking words (tipe, contoh, dan subordinator waktu seperti when/while/before/after/until/as soon as). Cambridge Dictionary
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Cambridge Grammar – Causes, reasons, results and purpose (nuansa because/since/as, so/therefore/thus/hence, so that/in order that). Cambridge Dictionary
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Cambridge Grammar – Conjunctions: time (ringkasan subordinator waktu yang kerap diujikan). Cambridge Dictionary
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Purdue OWL – Conjunctions and Coordination (koordinasi klausa & praktik penautan kalimat). Purdue OWL
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British Council – Conjunctions: and, or, but, so, because, although (penjelasan pemakaian dasar untuk latihan ringan). LearnEnglish Teens

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