Written Expression TOEFL ITP: Strategi, Contoh, & Checklist Kesalahan Tersering

Bagian Written Expression TOEFL ITP (Section 2, Part B) menguji kemampuan Anda mengenali bahasa tulis baku dalam bahasa Inggris. Pada format TOEFL ITP Level 1, Section 2 (Structure and Written Expression) berisi 40 soal dengan waktu 25 menit—terdiri atas 15 soal Structure (melengkapi kalimat) dan 25 soal Written Expression (menemukan kata/frasa yang salah). Informasi format ini konsisten pada buku sumber dan panduan resmi ETS.

Di Part B—Written Expression, setiap butir memuat satu kalimat dengan empat bagian yang digarisbawahi; tugas Anda adalah menemukan bagian yang tidak gramatikal sesuai kaidah standard written English.

Written Expression TOEFL ITP

Format TOEFL ITP—Section 2 (Structure and Written Expression)

Sumber: ringkasan dari buku dan ETS (ITP Level 1).

Cara Kerja Soal Written Expression

1. Anda membaca satu kalimat dengan empat bagian digarisbawahi (A, B, C, D).

2. Satu dari empat bagian itu tidak sesuai dengan kaidah bahasa tulis baku; tiga lainnya benar.

3. Pilih bagian yang salah (bukan memperbaiki seluruh kalimat).

Strategi Menjawab: Langkah demi Langkah

1. Baca sekilas seluruh kalimat untuk menangkap pola inti (Subjek–Predikat–Objek/Keterangan).

2. Uji setiap bagian digarisbawahi:

   • Apakah bentuk katanya tepat (noun/verb/adj/adv)?

   • Apakah tenses dan agreement sudah sesuai subjek?

   • Apakah artikel, preposisi, atau kata ganti digunakan tepat?

   • Apakah paralelisme, perbandingan, dan penempatan modifier benar?

3. Eliminasi tiga bagian yang benar; sisakan satu yang salah.

4. Pindah jika buntu—skor maksimum menuntut manajemen waktu karena kesukaran meningkat di nomor akhir.

Catatan resmi ETS: Section 2 secara khusus mengukur pengenalan poin-poin struktur dan tata bahasa pada bahasa Inggris tulis baku; mempelajari sampel resmi memberi gambaran tipe kesalahan yang muncul. ETS+1TOEFL Samples

Tipe Kesalahan Paling Umum di Written Expression (dengan Contoh & Perbaikan)

Di bawah ini, setiap subbagian memuat ringkasan konsep, contoh gaya TOEFL ITP (disimulasikan), dan alasan. Rujukan teoretis mengacu pada ETS untuk format dan Purdue OWL / British Council untuk kaidah tata bahasa.

1) Subject–Verb Agreement (SVA)

Ringkasannya: verba harus selaras dengan subjek dalam number (singular/plural) dan person; masalah umum: prepositional phrase yang “mengganggu” subjek, struktur either…or / neither…nor, subjek jamak semu (news, physics), collective nouns, dan inverted sentences. Purdue OWLBowie State University

Contoh (gaya TOEFL ITP):
A large number of applicants [A] prefers [B] remote interviews [C] during the initial screening [D].
Jawab: B (prefers → prefer) karena a large number of + plural noun mengambil verb plural (applicants prefer). Purdue OWL

Kiat cepat: identifikasi inti subjek—abaikan frasa preposisional setelahnya saat menentukan bentuk verba. Purdue OWL

2) Verb Form & Tenses

Ringkasannya: kesalahan tipikal: bentuk dasar vs. -ing vs. -ed/participle, sequence of tenses, modal + base, dan non-finite clauses (to-infinitive/gerund). (Untuk format tugas, rujuk ETS.) TOEFL Samples

Contoh:
The committee decided [A] postponing [B] the vote [C] until further notice [D].
Jawab: B (postponing → to postpone/on postponing). Setelah decide, bentuk lazimnya to-infinitive (decided to postpone).

Kiat cepat: hafalkan pasangan verb + pattern (e.g., decide to V, enjoy V-ing, suggest + V-ing/that-clause).

3) Noun, Determiner, & Articles (a/an/the)

Ringkasannya: artikel a/an digunakan untuk referensi pertama/satu dari jenis; the untuk referensi spesifik; singular countable noun menuntut determiner (artikel, possessive, demonstratif). LearnEnglish – British Council

Contoh:
She found [A] useful feedback [B] from a reviewer [C] before submission [D].
Jawab: A (seharusnya a useful feedback → salah karena feedback uncountable; perbaikannya useful feedback atau a useful piece of feedback). LearnEnglish – British Council

Kiat cepat: cek apakah noun bisa dihitung; jika singular countable, wajib ada determiner. LearnEnglish – British Council

4) Pronoun (Agreement & Reference)

Ringkasannya: pronoun harus selaras number/gender/person dan memiliki antecedent yang jelas; hindari rujukan ambigu. (Rujuk ETS untuk konteks tipe soal.) TOEFL Samples

Contoh:
The company updated its guidelines, but they [A] still confuse [B] new hires [C] in onboarding [D].
Jawab: A (they → they tidak memiliki antecedent jamak yang jelas; gunakan they hanya jika antecedent jamak atau singular they untuk manusia; di sini antecedent “guidelines” jamak → boleh they, tapi jika yang dimaksud “company,” harus it/its; perbaikannya bergantung makna).

Kiat cepat: telusuri siapa/apa yang dirujuk; jika tidak eksplisit, itu sinyal kesalahan.

5) Adjective vs. Adverb (Word Form)

Ringkasannya: bentuk kata sering rancu pada -ly, good/well, atau fast/hard/late.

Contoh:
The manager spoke [A] clear [B] and confidently [C] to the audience [D].
Jawab: B (clear → clearly) karena memodifikasi spoke (verb) sehingga butuh adverb.

6) Parallel Structure (Paralelisme)

Ringkasannya: unsur seri/koordinasi harus bentuknya sejajar (kata dengan kata, frasa dengan frasa, klausa dengan klausa). Kesalahan lazim: mencampur to-V dengan V-ing, mencampur bentuk phrase/clause, atau mengacaukan suara aktif–pasif dalam seri. Purdue OWL+2Purdue OWL+2

Contoh:
The course aims [A] to develop critical thinking, improving [B] research skills, and to foster [C] collaboration [D].
Jawab: B (jadikan to improve atau konsisten V-ing di semua unsur). Purdue OWL

Kiat cepat: tandai konjungsi and/or lalu cek bentuk di kiri–kanannya sudah sama. Purdue OWL

7) Comparatives & Superlatives

Ringkasannya: comparative memakai -er/more, superlative -est/most; jangan double marking (more easier), dan pastikan of/in/than digunakan tepat.

Contoh:
This method is [A] more superior [B] than [C] the previous approach [D].
Jawab: B (hapus more → superior sudah bermakna komparatif).

8) Modifiers: Misplaced & Dangling

Ringkasannya: misplaced jika modifier terlalu jauh dari kata yang dimodifikasi; dangling jika tidak ada subjek yang logis untuk modifier. Purdue OWL+1

Contoh (dangling):
Walking to the lab [A], the equipment [B] was tested [C] by the assistant [D].
Jawab: B (seolah “equipment” yang berjalan). Revisi: Walking to the lab, the assistant tested the equipment. Purdue OWL

Kiat cepat: jika kalimat diawali frasa -ing, pastikan subjek utama kalimat adalah pelaku frasa tersebut. Purdue OWL

9) Prepositions

Ringkasannya: pemilihan preposisi sering idiomatik (interested in, responsible for, capable of, approve of).

Contoh:
The team is responsible [A] on [B] coordinating logistics [C] for the event [D].
Jawab: B (on → for).

10) Clauses & Sentence Boundary Errors (Fragments, Run-ons, Comma Splice)

Ringkasannya: fragment = tidak ada klausa independen lengkap; run-on/comma splice = menggabungkan dua klausa independen tanpa konjungsi/tanda baca tepat. Purdue OWL+1Writing Center UNC Chapel Hill

Contoh (comma splice):
Attendance improved this semester, [A] therefore the dean extended library hours [B] for exams [C] last month [D].
Jawab: A (butuh ; therefore, atau , so/. Therefore,). Purdue OWL

11) Diction & Idiolek (Word Choice)

Ringkasannya: pilih kata sesuai kolokasi & register akademik (mis. conduct research, bukan do research dalam konteks ilmiah).

Contoh:
The researcher did [A] a comprehensive analysis [B] on [C] the dataset [D].
Jawab: A (lebih alami conducted).

12) Agreement Lainnya: Pronoun–Antecedent & Collective Nouns

Contoh:
The committee has finished [A] its [B] review, but they [C] will release the report tomorrow [D].
Jawab: C (konsisten: it will release atau ubah committee members… they). Purdue OWL

Tabel Ringkas: “Checklist” Kesalahan Written Expression

Latihan Mini (Gaya TOEFL ITP) – dengan Pembahasan Singkat

Format: empat bagian kalimat diapit tanda [A]–[D]. Pilih bagian yang salah.

1. Each of the proposals [A] require [B] additional funding [C] from external donors [D].
   Jawab: B → requires (subjek inti Each + of the proposals → verb singular). Purdue OWL

2. The results were [A] more clearer [B] after we controlled [C] for age and income [D].
   Jawab: B (double comparative; gunakan clearer saja).

3. The lab technician [A] carefully [B] recorded the data [C] and to label [D] each vial.
   Jawab: D (paralelisme: recorded & labeled / to record & to label). Purdue OWL

4. Neither the faculty nor the students [A] was [B] satisfied with the schedule [C] announced last week [D].
   Jawab: B → were (verb setuju dengan subjek terdekat students). Purdue OWL

5. After reviewing the data [A], the conclusion [B] was reached [C] by the committee [D].
   Jawab: B (dangling—seolah “the conclusion” yang meninjau; revisi pelaku: After reviewing…, the committee reached…). Purdue OWL

6. The article provides [A] an overview [B] of the climate policies [C] in Europe [D], however it lacks local data.
   Jawab: D (sebenarnya , however, menimbulkan comma splice; butuh ; however, atau . However,). Purdue OWL

7. The museum [A] is free [B] for [C] public [D].
   Jawab: D (seharusnya the public; noun kolektif butuh artikel). LearnEnglish – British Council

8. Our supervisor insisted [A] us [B] submitting [C] the report before Friday [D].
   Jawab: B/C (pola: insist that + clause / insist on + V-ing → insisted that we submit atau insisted on our submitting).

9. The number of publications [A] have [B] increased steadily [C] since 2020 [D].
   Jawab: B → has (subjek inti The number = singular). Purdue OWL

10. This is [A] the most unique [B] solution [C] proposed so far [D].
    Jawab: B (kata unique tidak derajat komparatif; gunakan a unique solution).

Metode Belajar yang Terbukti Efektif

1. Belajar berbasis pola: buat daftar verb pattern (e.g., decide to V, enjoy V-ing, want + to-V, consider + V-ing).

2. Bank kesalahan pribadi: catat 3–5 kesalahan yang paling sering Anda buat (mis. SVA, artikel, paralelisme), lalu drill khusus tiap hari. Purdue OWL

3. Kerjakan sampel resmi: gunakan ETS TOEFL ITP—Section 2 Sample Questions untuk melihat variasi soal; cocokkan dengan daftar pola Anda. TOEFL SamplesETS

4. Konsultasi kaidah terpercaya: untuk aturan rinci dan contoh tambahan, rujuk Purdue OWL (SVA, paralelisme, modifier, comma splice) dan British Council (artikel, determiners). Purdue OWL+3Purdue OWL+3Purdue OWL+3LearnEnglish – British Council

5. Simulasi kecepatan: targetkan <40 detik per soal sebagai patokan latihan, karena total waktu 25 menit mencakup 40 soal gabungan. (Format waktu & jumlah dari ETS dan buku.)

Contoh Alur Pengerjaan (Pseudodiagram Teks)

• Scan kalimat → temukan struktur utama (S–V–O).

• Lompat ke bagian bergaris yang “mencurigakan” (bentuk kata/struktur).

• Uji aturan cepat (SVA, paralelisme, artikel, modifier, preposisi, tanda baca koordinatif).

• Eliminasi yang benar → pilih satu yang salah → lanjut ke nomor berikutnya.

• Kembali ke soal sulit di akhir sesi jika ada waktu tersisa.

Key Takeaways (5 Poin)

1. Kenali format resmi: Section 2 berisi 40 soal/25 menit; Part B (Written Expression) menuntut Anda menemukan bagian yang salah dari empat bagian digarisbawahi.

2. Pola kesalahan itu berulang: SVA, bentuk verba/tenses, artikel/determiner, paralelisme, modifier, preposisi, dan batas kalimat. Purdue OWL+3Purdue OWL+3Purdue OWL+3LearnEnglish – British Council

3. Strategi efektif: cek cepat bagian bergaris, uji aturan inti (SVA, paralelisme, artikel, modifier), lalu eliminasi tiga yang benar.

4. Manajemen waktu itu krusial: kesukaran meningkat pada nomor akhir; lewati sementara soal yang memakan waktu.

5. Latihan dengan sumber resmi (ETS) + rujuk Purdue OWL/British Council untuk pemantapan kaidah—kombinasi praktik dan teori memberi hasil terbaik.

TERKAIT: Word Order Problems: Urutan Kata Bahasa Inggris untuk TOEFL

Soal Latihan dan Pembahasan

Petunjuk Singkat

• Baca cepat seluruh kalimat untuk menangkap struktur S–V–O.

• Uji setiap bagian bergaris: agreement, verb form, artikel/determiner, paralelisme, modifier, preposisi, komparatif, word choice, tanda baca.

• Eliminasi tiga bagian yang benar; sisakan satu yang salah.

Soal Latihan

1) Each of the students [A] are [B] required [C] to submit the assignment on time. [D]

2) During the orientation, [A] an [B] university counselor [C] answered questions from international students. [D]

3) The board [A] decided [B] postponing [C] the vote until next week. [D]

4) The new training aims [A] to develop writing skills, [B] improving critical thinking, [C] and to build collaboration. [D]

5) These exercises are [A] more [B] easier [C] than last semester’s set. [D]

6) Walking to the lab, [A] the results [B] were recorded [C] in the wrong spreadsheet. [D]

7) The committee [A] has finished [B] their [C] report on time. [D]

8) The team is [A] responsible [B] on [C] coordinating logistics. [D]

9) The instructor gave [A] several helpful advices [B] to [C] the participants. [D]

10) The researcher [A] conducted [B] an extensive research [C] on climate migration. [D]

11) The spokesperson [A] spoke [B] clear [C] and professionally throughout the briefing. [D]

12) By the time the conference [A] will begin, [B] the team will have finalized [C] the slides. [D]

13) The article [A] which I bought it [B] yesterday [C] was out of date. [D]

14) Not only [A] he [B] missed the deadline, [C] but he also apologized to the client. [D]

15) The software [A] is considered [B] to be [C] as the industry standard. [D]

16) An amount of [A] people [B] attended [C] the town-hall meeting. [D]

17) These criteria [A] is [B] essential [C] for the evaluation. [D]

18) The professor [A] will discuss [B] about [C] the key findings tomorrow. [D]

19) The company is interested [A] in to expand [B] its operations in Southeast Asia [C] next year. [D]

20) Because the results were inconclusive, [A] therefore [B] the study [C] was extended for another year. [D]

Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan

1) Jawaban: B — Subject–Verb Agreement (SVA)
Each of the students = subjek tunggal → verba harus is, bukan are.
Perbaikan: Each of the students is required…

2) Jawaban: B — Artikel/Diphthong
Sebelum bunyi konsonan /juː/ pada university, gunakan a, bukan an.
Perbaikan: … a university counselor…

3) Jawaban: C — Verb Pattern
Setelah decide, gunakan to-infinitive: decided to postpone.
Perbaikan: … decided to postpone the vote…

4) Jawaban: C — Paralelisme
Daftar harus sejajar: to develop, to improve, to build atau developing, improving, building.
Perbaikan: … to develop…, to improve, and to build…

5) Jawaban: B — Komparatif Ganda
More easier = salah; gunakan easier saja.
Perbaikan: … are easier than…

6) Jawaban: B — Dangling/Misplaced Modifier
Pembuka Walking to the lab harus memodifikasi pelaku manusia (mis. the assistant), bukan the results.
Perbaikan: Walking to the lab, the assistant recorded the results…

7) Jawaban: C — Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement
Committee (kolektif, singular) → its, bukan their.
Perbaikan: … has finished its report…

8) Jawaban: C — Preposisi Idiomatik
Responsible → kolokasi benar for, bukan on.
Perbaikan: … responsible for coordinating…

9) Jawaban: B — Count/Uncount Noun
Advice tidak bisa dihitung → bukan advices.
Perbaikan: … several pieces of advice … atau … helpful advice …

10) Jawaban: C — Uncountable Noun + Artikel
Research umumnya tak-bisa-dihitung → bukan an research.
Perbaikan: … conducted extensive research … / conducted a study …

11) Jawaban: C — Adjective vs. Adverb
Memodifikasi spoke (verb) → pakai adverb clearly.
Perbaikan: … spoke clearly and professionally…

12) Jawaban: B — Sequence/Time Clause
Dalam klausa waktu setelah by the time, gunakan present simple, bukan will.
Perbaikan: By the time the conference begins, the team will have…

13) Jawaban: B — Redundansi Relative Clause
Tidak boleh ada objek ganda: which I bought (tanpa “it”).
Perbaikan: … which I bought yesterday…

14) Jawaban: B — Inversi Setelah “Not only”
Perlu inversi: Not only did he miss…
Perbaikan: Not only did he miss the deadline, but he also…

15) Jawaban: D — Diksi/Struktur “consider”
Consider (to be) + NP tanpa as: is considered (to be) the standard.
Perbaikan: … is considered to be the industry standard.

16) Jawaban: A — Quantifier Tepat
Untuk benda bisa dihitung jamak (people), gunakan a number of, bukan an amount of.
Perbaikan: A number of people attended…

17) Jawaban: B — Agreement Irregular Plurals
Criteria = jamak → are, bukan is. (Tunggal: criterion.)
Perbaikan: These criteria are essential…

18) Jawaban: C — Phrasal/Verb + Preposition
Discuss sudah transitive → tanpa about.
Perbaikan: … will discuss the key findings…

19) Jawaban: B — Preposition + Gerund
Setelah interested in → V-ing: interested in expanding.
Perbaikan: … interested in expanding its operations…

20) Jawaban: B — Double Subordinator / Run-on Logic
Because… therefore… redundan. Pakai salah satu.
Perbaikan: Because the results were inconclusive, the study was extended… atau The results were inconclusive; therefore, the study was extended…