Concord: Aturan Subject–Verb Agreement & Pronoun–Antecedent

Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, concord atau agreement mengacu pada kesesuaian antara berbagai unsur kalimat, khususnya antara subjek dan predikat, serta antara kata ganti dan acuan (antecedent). Pemahaman yang tepat mengenai concord penting bagi pelajar karena menjadi dasar dari pembentukan kalimat yang benar secara gramatikal.

Artikel ini membahas secara rinci jenis-jenis concord, aturan penggunaannya, beserta contoh aplikatif. Di akhir, disediakan latihan soal untuk memperdalam pemahaman.

1. Pengertian Concord

Concord (kesesuaian) adalah hubungan tata bahasa yang menuntut keselarasan bentuk kata dalam sebuah kalimat. Bentuk kata kerja, kata ganti, maupun elemen lain harus menyesuaikan dengan subjek atau kata yang dirujuk.

Terdapat dua kategori utama:

1. Subject–Verb Agreement: kesesuaian subjek dengan kata kerja.

2. Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement: kesesuaian kata ganti dengan kata yang digantikan.

2. Subject–Verb Agreement

2.1 Aturan Umum

• Subjek tunggal menggunakan kata kerja tunggal.
  Contoh: The student reads a book every day.

• Subjek jamak menggunakan kata kerja jamak.
  Contoh: The students read books every day.

2.2 Aturan Khusus

Beberapa subjek memiliki aturan khusus dalam menentukan bentuk kata kerja:

a) Subjek berupa kata benda majemuk

• Kata benda yang dihubungkan dengan and biasanya dianggap jamak.
  Contoh: Tom and Jerry are famous characters.

• Jika dianggap satu kesatuan, gunakan tunggal.
  Contoh: Bread and butter is my breakfast.

b) Subjek berupa kata benda yang dihubungkan or / either…or / neither…nor

• Kata kerja mengikuti subjek terdekat.
  Contoh: Either the teacher or the students are present.

c) Kata benda kolektif

• Bisa tunggal atau jamak tergantung makna.
  Contoh: The team is winning. (dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan)
  Contoh: The team are arguing among themselves. (dilihat sebagai individu)

d) Kata benda yang sama bentuk tunggal dan jamak

Beberapa kata benda tidak berubah bentuk ketika jamak, misalnya sheep, deer, fish.
Contoh: The sheep are grazing.

e) Subjek dengan each, everyone, everybody, someone, nobody

• Selalu dianggap tunggal.
  Contoh: Each of the students has a book.

3. Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement

Kata ganti harus sesuai dengan kata yang digantikannya dalam hal:

1. Jumlah: tunggal atau jamak.
   Contoh: The boy lost his pen.

2. Jenis kelamin: maskulin, feminin, atau netral.
   Contoh: Mary loves her mother.

3. Bentuk orang: orang pertama, kedua, atau ketiga.
   Contoh: We finished our homework.

4. Aturan Khusus dalam Concord

4.1 Ekspresi Kuantitas

• A number of… → jamak
  Contoh: A number of students are absent.

• The number of… → tunggal
  Contoh: The number of students is increasing.

4.2 Judul Buku, Film, atau Nama Organisasi

Selalu dianggap tunggal meskipun bentuknya jamak.
Contoh: “The United Nations is headquartered in New York.”

4.3 Waktu, Uang, dan Jarak

Apabila dianggap satu kesatuan, gunakan tunggal.
Contoh: Ten miles is a long distance.

5. Tabel Ringkasan Subject–Verb Agreement

6. Contoh Aplikasi

1. Mathematics is an important subject.

2. Five hundred dollars is a lot of money.

3. The police are investigating the case.

4. Each of the girls was given a gift.

5. Bread and butter is my favorite meal.

7. Ringkasan (Key Takeaways)

• Concord adalah kesesuaian tata bahasa, khususnya antara subjek–predikat dan kata ganti–acuan.

• Subjek tunggal menuntut kata kerja tunggal, subjek jamak menuntut kata kerja jamak.

• Kata benda kolektif, ekspresi kuantitas, dan bentuk khusus memiliki aturan tersendiri.

• Pronoun harus sesuai jumlah, gender, dan orang dengan antecedent-nya.

• Pemahaman concord membantu membangun kalimat yang gramatikal dan jelas.

Latihan Soal dan Pembahasan

Pilihan Ganda

1. Neither the teacher nor the students ___ present today.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. am
E. has been
Jawaban: B. were
(Predikat mengikuti subjek terdekat “students” → jamak).

2. Each of the participants ___ a certificate.
A. receive
B. receives
C. have received
D. are receiving
E. receive
Jawaban: B. receives
(“Each” selalu tunggal).

3. The number of applicants ___ increasing every year.
A. are
B. were
C. is
D. have
E. be
Jawaban: C. is
(“The number of…” → tunggal).

4. A number of students ___ absent yesterday.
A. was
B. is
C. are
D. were
E. has been
Jawaban: D. were
(“A number of…” → jamak).

5. Bread and butter ___ my favorite breakfast.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. have
E. being
Jawaban: A. is
(Dianggap satu kesatuan).

6. The team ___ winning the match now.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. have
E. has
Jawaban: A. is
(Dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan).

7. The police ___ investigating the robbery.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. has
E. being
Jawaban: C. are
(“Police” selalu dianggap jamak).

8. Mathematics ___ my favorite subject.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. have
E. been
Jawaban: B. is
(Nama mata pelajaran tunggal).

9. Neither Rina nor her friends ___ going to the party.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. has
E. been
Jawaban: C. are
(Subjek terdekat “friends” → jamak).

10. Ten miles ___ a long distance to walk.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. have
E. has
Jawaban: A. is
(Dianggap satu kesatuan).

11. Everyone ___ responsible for their own action.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. have
E. do
Jawaban: B. is
(“Everyone” tunggal).

12. The committee ___ divided in their opinion.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. be
E. being
Jawaban: B. are
(Kelompok dilihat sebagai individu).

13. Either the teacher or the principal ___ going to attend the meeting.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. have
E. do
Jawaban: B. is
(Subjek terdekat “principal” tunggal).

14. Several books ___ missing from the library.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. has
E. have been
Jawaban: C. are
(“Several” → jamak).

15. The United Nations ___ playing an important role in peacekeeping.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. have
E. has
Jawaban: A. is
(Nama organisasi → tunggal).

16. Neither the teacher nor I ___ guilty.
A. am
B. is
C. are
D. was
E. were
Jawaban: A. am
(Kata kerja menyesuaikan subjek “I”).

17. One of my friends ___ going abroad next month.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. have
E. has
Jawaban: A. is
(“One of…” tunggal).

18. The scissors ___ on the table.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. has
E. been
Jawaban: B. are
(Benda berbentuk jamak meski satu alat).

19. Much of the information ___ useless.
A. is
B. are
C. have
D. were
E. being
Jawaban: A. is
(“Information” → uncountable, tunggal).

20. Fifty dollars ___ enough to buy the ticket.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. have
E. has
Jawaban: A. is
(Uang dianggap satu kesatuan).