Conditional Sentences: Jenis, Rumus, Contoh, dan Latihan Soal

Conditional sentences atau kalimat pengandaian memegang peranan penting untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang bersifat kemungkinan, hipotesis, maupun imajinatif. Kalimat ini membantu menyatakan hubungan sebab-akibat dalam berbagai situasi, baik yang nyata, belum tentu terjadi, maupun mustahil.

Artikel ini menyajikan uraian lengkap mengenai jenis-jenis conditional sentences, pola kalimat, contoh penerapan, serta latihan soal yang dilengkapi dengan pembahasan. Dengan pemahaman yang baik, siswa dapat menggunakan conditional sentences secara akurat dalam konteks akademik maupun komunikasi sehari-hari.

Konsep Dasar Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentence adalah kalimat yang memiliki dua klausa utama:

• If-clause (kondisi/syarat) → biasanya mengandung kata “if”.

• Main clause (akibat/hasil) → menyatakan konsekuensi jika kondisi terpenuhi.

Struktur umumnya:
If + clause (syarat), clause (hasil).
Atau dapat dibalik:
Clause (hasil) + if + clause (syarat).

Jenis-Jenis Conditional Sentences

1. Zero Conditional

• Fungsi: Menyatakan fakta umum, kebiasaan, atau hukum alam yang selalu benar.

• Pola:
  If + Simple Present, Simple Present

• Contoh:

  • If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.

  • If students study hard, they get good grades.

2. First Conditional

• Fungsi: Menunjukkan kemungkinan nyata di masa depan.

• Pola:
  If + Simple Present, will + Verb 1

• Contoh:

  • If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.

  • If you study well, you will pass the exam.

3. Second Conditional

• Fungsi: Menggambarkan kondisi hipotetis atau imajiner di masa kini/masa depan.

• Pola:
  If + Simple Past, would + Verb 1

• Contoh:

  • If I had a million dollars, I would travel around the world.

  • If she studied harder, she would get better results.

4. Third Conditional

• Fungsi: Menyatakan sesuatu yang tidak terjadi di masa lampau (impossible past).

• Pola:
  If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle

• Contoh:

  • If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.

  • If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.

5. Mixed Conditional

• Fungsi: Menggabungkan situasi lampau dengan akibat masa kini, atau sebaliknya.

• Pola umum:

  • If + Past Perfect, would + Verb 1 (past → present)

  • If + Simple Past, would have + Past Participle (present → past)

• Contoh:

  • If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.

  • If I were more careful, I wouldn’t have made that mistake.

Variasi dan Penggunaan Khusus

1. Inversion dalam Conditional

Alih-alih menggunakan “if”, kita bisa membalik struktur:

• Should + S + V, … (First conditional)

• Were + S + to V, … (Second conditional)

• Had + S + V3, … (Third conditional)

Contoh:

• Had I known, I would have told you.

• Were I rich, I would buy a mansion.

2. Unless

• Bermakna “if not”.

• Contoh: You won’t succeed unless you work hard.

3. As long as / Provided that / In case

• Menyatakan syarat dengan variasi makna.

• Contoh: You can borrow my book as long as you return it tomorrow.

Tabel Ringkasan Conditional Sentences

Key Takeaways

1. Conditional sentence terdiri atas dua klausa: if-clause (syarat) dan main clause (hasil).

2. Ada lima tipe utama: Zero, First, Second, Third, dan Mixed Conditional.

3. Pola tense berbeda menentukan makna: fakta, kemungkinan, hipotesis, atau penyesalan.

4. Variasi seperti inversion, unless, as long as, dan provided that memperkaya struktur kalimat.

5. Penguasaan conditional penting untuk menulis esai akademik, percakapan formal, maupun soal ujian bahasa Inggris.

Latihan Soal dan Pembahasan

Soal Pilihan Ganda

(Pilih A–E jawaban terbaik)

1. If she ___ harder, she will pass the test.
   A. study
   B. studies
   C. studied
   D. studying
   E. has studied

2. If I were you, I ___ that opportunity.
   A. take
   B. will take
   C. would take
   D. taken
   E. taking

3. If he had left earlier, he ___ the bus.
   A. will catch
   B. caught
   C. would catch
   D. would have caught
   E. catches

4. If water reaches 0°C, it ___.
   A. freeze
   B. freezes
   C. freezing
   D. froze
   E. frozen

5. If they invite me, I ___ to the party.
   A. come
   B. will come
   C. came
   D. coming
   E. have come

6. Had I known about the exam, I ___ more.
   A. study
   B. would study
   C. will study
   D. would have studied
   E. studied

7. Unless he ___ soon, he will miss the train.
   A. arrive
   B. arrives
   C. arrived
   D. arriving
   E. has arrived

8. If she were rich, she ___ a new car.
   A. buys
   B. bought
   C. will buy
   D. would buy
   E. buying

9. If I ___ taller, I could play basketball.
   A. am
   B. is
   C. was
   D. were
   E. being

10. If they had helped me, I ___ finished earlier.
    A. will
    B. would
    C. would have
    D. have
    E. had

11. If we study well, we ___ succeed.
    A. will
    B. would
    C. would have
    D. have
    E. had

12. If it rains, we ___ at home.
    A. stayed
    B. staying
    C. stays
    D. will stay
    E. stay

13. If I ___ the answer, I would tell you.
    A. knew
    B. know
    C. knowing
    D. knows
    E. have known

14. If you ___ the button, the machine starts.
    A. press
    B. pressed
    C. pressing
    D. presses
    E. have pressed

15. If I had eaten breakfast, I ___ hungry now.
    A. wouldn’t be
    B. won’t be
    C. am not
    D. wasn’t
    E. haven’t been

16. If she ___ earlier, she would have met him.
    A. arrives
    B. arrived
    C. had arrived
    D. arriving
    E. has arrived

17. If the sun shines, we ___ go swimming.
    A. would
    B. will
    C. have
    D. had
    E. would have

18. If I ___ busy tomorrow, I will join you.
    A. am
    B. was
    C. were
    D. been
    E. being

19. If I had more time, I ___ another language.
    A. learn
    B. will learn
    C. learned
    D. would learn
    E. would have learned

20. If she ___ to the meeting, she would be informed.
    A. go
    B. goes
    C. going
    D. went
    E. had gone

Kunci Jawaban dan Pembahasan

1. B. studies → First conditional.

2. C. would take → Second conditional.

3. D. would have caught → Third conditional.

4. B. freezes → Zero conditional.

5. B. will come → First conditional.

6. D. would have studied → Third conditional.

7. B. arrives → First conditional dengan “unless”.

8. D. would buy → Second conditional.

9. D. were → Second conditional (subjunctive “were”).

10. C. would have → Third conditional.

11. A. will → First conditional.

12. D. will stay → First conditional.

13. A. knew → Second conditional.

14. A. press → Zero conditional.

15. A. wouldn’t be → Mixed conditional.

16. C. had arrived → Third conditional.

17. B. will → First conditional.

18. A. am → First conditional.

19. D. would learn → Second conditional.

20. D. went → Second conditional.