Di bagian Structure & Written Expression TOEFL PBT, tipe soal perbandingan kerap “menjebak” karena tampak benar secara makna, tetapi sesungguhnya meninggalkan salah satu unsur pembanding atau membandingkan hal yang tidak sejenis. Itulah yang disebut Missing or Incomplete Comparison. Pada tingkat praktis, Anda harus memastikan dua hal saat menghadapi perbandingan: (1) kata atau pola komparatifnya benar (misalnya -er/ more/ less … than atau as … as), dan (2) dua sisi yang dibandingkan benar-benar sepadan secara makna dan secara bentuk (paralel).
Missing or Incomplete Comparison hampir selalu muncul ketika salah satu dari dua syarat ini dilanggar—entah karena “than/as” hilang, unsur pembandingnya tak disebutkan, atau bentuk yang dibandingkan tidak sejajar (misalnya noun dibanding clause). Di bawah ini Anda akan menemukan pola, jenis kesalahan umum, strategi cepat, serta contoh lengkap beserta koreksinya.
Apa Itu Missing or Incomplete Comparison?
Definisi operasional
Missing or Incomplete Comparison terjadi ketika kalimat:
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Memakai penanda perbandingan (-er, more, less, as … as) tanpa menyebut “lawan bandingnya” (than/as + X), atau
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Membandingkan dua hal yang tidak sejenis (apples-to-oranges), sehingga relasi komparatifnya salah atau kabur.
Materi asli menegaskan pentingnya membandingkan hal atau konsep yang sama. Contoh klasik:
The ears of African elephants are bigger than Indian elephants. (Salah)
The ears of African elephants are bigger than those of Indian elephants. (Benar)
Pada versi yang benar, ear dibandingkan dengan ear, sehingga noun yang disandingkan sejajar.
Derajat perbandingan yang relevan
Selain komparatif (-er/ more/ less … than), materi juga mengingatkan keberadaan derajat setara dengan pola as … as. Pola ini perlu perlakuan yang sama hati-hatinya dalam menjaga kelengkapan pembanding.
Pola-Pola Perbandingan yang Wajib Dikuasai
1) Komparatif: -er / more / less … than
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Struktur umum:
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Adj/Adv + -er + than + X (untuk kata sifat/adverb pendek: taller than, faster than).
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more/less + Adj/Adv (panjang) + than + X (more experienced than, less interesting than).
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Kelengkapan minimal: harus ada “than + X” yang jelas. Tanpa itu, pembaca tidak tahu dibandingkan dengan apa.
Contoh (benar):
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Rhonda is more experienced than Theresa.
-
This show is less interesting than the one we watched last night.
Kedua contoh mengikuti pola komparatif yang lengkap.
2) Setara: as … as
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Struktur umum: as + Adj/Adv + as + X
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Kelengkapan minimal: hadirnya “as + X” yang menjadi pembanding setara.
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Catatan: secara makna menekankan kesetaraan, bukan keunggulan.
3) Correlative comparative: the + comparative, the + comparative
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Struktur umum: The + comparative (+ S + V), the + comparative (+ S + V).
Contoh pola yang ditekankan materi:-
The greater the experience, the higher the salary.
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The older the children are, the more their parents expect from them.
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The more children you have, the bigger the house you need.
Pola ini menuntut kesejajaran bentuk (paralel) pada dua klausa komparatif.
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Jenis-Jenis Kesalahan pada Missing or Incomplete Comparison
A. Komparator hilang: “than/as”-nya tidak ada
Gejala: Ada bentuk komparatif (-er/ more/ less) atau pola as … as, tetapi “than/as + X” tidak pernah muncul.
-
Jakarta’s air is more polluted. → Tidak lengkap (more polluted daripada apa?).
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Koreksi: Jakarta’s air is more polluted than it was a decade ago.
Prinsip perbaikan: Pastikan than/as selalu diikuti unsur pembanding yang jelas (nomina, frasa nomina, atau klausa yang mewakili sisi pembanding).
B. Membandingkan hal yang tidak sejenis (illogical / unlike comparison)
Gejala: Dua sisi yang dibandingkan tidak bersubstansi sama, misalnya bagian benda dibanding benda utuh.
-
The ears of African elephants are bigger than Indian elephants. → Salah.
-
Koreksi: … are bigger than those of Indian elephants. (bandingkan ear dengan ear).
Prinsip perbaikan: Gunakan kata ganti penunjuk those of (jamak) atau that of (tunggal) untuk menjaga kesepadanan unsur ketika membandingkan bagian dari sesuatu.
C. Bentuk gramatikal tidak paralel (faulty parallelism in comparison)
Gejala: Struktur pada dua sisi perbandingan tidak sejajar (misal, gerund vs to-infinitive, noun phrase vs clause).
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Renting those apartments costs about the same as leasing them. (Paralel)
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What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken. (Paralel)
Materi asli menekankan kewajiban paralelisme pada kalimat perbandingan—baik pada pola than maupun as … as.
D. Rujukan pembanding kabur (ambiguous reference)
Gejala: “X” pada than/as + X tidak jelas rujukannya sehingga bisa dibaca ganda.
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Our sales are higher than the competitor. → Apakah higher than the competitor’s sales atau higher than the competitor (as a company)?
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Koreksi: Our sales are higher than those of our closest competitor.
Strategi Cepat Menjawab Soal Comparison di TOEFL
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Deteksi pemicu komparatif: cari -er/ more/ less, than, as … as, atau pola the + comparative.
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Cek kelengkapan: pastikan ada “than/as + X” yang eksplisit dan logis.
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Uji kesepadanan: bandingkan hal yang sama (bagian dengan bagian; benda dengan benda; aktivitas dengan aktivitas). Jika membandingkan bagian benda, siapkan that of / those of.
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Periksa paralelisme bentuk: pastikan bentuk gramatikal di kedua sisi sejajar (misal to be rich vs to be poor; what is written vs what is spoken).
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Kenali pola khusus: the + comparative, the + comparative mesti ganda dan paralel; jangan hilangkan salah satu sisi.
Tabel Pola & Perbaikan
| Tujuan | Pola | Contoh Salah | Contoh Benar | Catatan |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Komparatif (lebih/kurang) | Adj/Adv -er / more/less + Adj/Adv + than + X | Rhonda is more experienced. | Rhonda is more experienced than Theresa. | Wajib ada than + X. |
| Derajat setara | as + Adj/Adv + as + X | This solution is as efficient. | This solution is as efficient as the previous one. | Wajib ada as + X. |
| Menjaga kesepadanan | Pakai that of / those of | The ears of African elephants are bigger than Indian elephants. | … bigger than those of Indian elephants. | Bandingkan bagian ↔ bagian. |
| Paralelisme | Struktur di kedua sisi harus sejajar | To be rich is better than poor. | To be rich is better than to be poor. | Jaga paralelisme bentuk. |
| Korelatif komparatif | The + comp, the + comp | The greater the experience, the salary higher. | The greater the experience, the higher the salary. | Pola ganda dan paralel. |
Contoh & Pembahasan Kesalahan (Missing/Incomplete Comparison)
1) Komparator hilang (than/as)
-
Salah: The new policy is more effective.
Benar: The new policy is more effective than the previous one.
Alasan: more effective menuntut lawan banding yang eksplisit.
2) Pembanding tak sejenis (bagian vs keseluruhan)
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Salah: The price of our laptops is lower than competitors.
Benar: The price of our laptops is lower than that of our competitors’ models.
Alasan: price dibandingkan dengan price, bukan dengan competitors (perusahaan).
3) Paralelisme pada frasa
-
Salah: Renting those apartments costs about the same as to lease them.
Benar: … about the same as leasing them.
Alasan: setelah as, bentuk harus sejajar (gerund ↔ gerund).
4) As … as tidak lengkap
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Salah: This method is as reliable.
Benar: This method is as reliable as the control method.
Alasan: derajat setara wajib menyebut “as + X”.
5) Korelatif komparatif tidak utuh
-
Salah: The more you practice, you get better.
Benar: The more you practice, the better you get.
Alasan: pola harus ganda dan paralel.
6) Rujukan kabur
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Salah: Our market share is higher than ABC.
Benar: Our market share is higher than that of ABC.
Alasan: hilangkan ambiguitas dengan that of/those of.
7) Perbandingan aktivitas
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Salah: Writing an abstract is more challenging than to present in class.
Benar: Writing an abstract is more challenging than presenting in class.
Alasan: gerund ↔ gerund (paralelisme bentuk).
8) Perbandingan klausa relatif
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Salah: What is written is clearer than spoken language.
Benar: What is written is clearer than what is spoken.
Alasan: what-clause ↔ what-clause (paralel).
9) Perbandingan benda jamak
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Salah: The features of product A are more advanced than product B.
Benar: … more advanced than those of product B.
Alasan: features (jamak) ↔ those of.
10) Perbandingan keadaan waktu berbeda
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Salah: Traffic is worse.
Benar: Traffic is worse than it was yesterday.
Alasan: menyebutkan acuan waktu sebagai pembanding yang eksplisit.
11) Perbandingan derajat setara dengan adverb
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Salah: She sings as beautifully.
Benar: She sings as beautifully as her sister.
Alasan: as … as harus lengkap.
12) Perbandingan preposisional
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Salah: The cost in Jakarta is higher than Bandung.
Benar: The cost in Jakarta is higher than in Bandung.
Alasan: bentuk setelah than sejajarkan (in Jakarta ↔ in Bandung).
13) Korelatif komparatif (versi nominal)
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Benar (pola): The more experience you gain, the greater your range of options.
Catatan: the + comparative + noun paralel di kedua sisi.
14) Perbandingan dengan klausa waktu
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Benar: Today’s revenue is higher than it was in Q2, menjaga acuan yang jelas (revenue ↔ revenue).
15) Derajat setara negatif
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Benar: This interface is not as intuitive as the previous one.
Catatan: not as … as menandai ketidaksamaan (lebih rendah).
Checklist Pemeriksaan Cepat (Before You Choose the Answer)
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Apakah ada penanda komparatif? (-er/more/less, than, as … as, the + comparative)
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Apakah lawan banding disebutkan secara jelas dan tidak ambigu?
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Apakah dua sisi yang dibandingkan sejenis (bagian dengan bagian; benda dengan benda; aktivitas dengan aktivitas)? Jika bagian benda, pakailah that of/those of.
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Apakah paralelisme bentuk sudah tepat? (to-infinitive ↔ to-infinitive; gerund ↔ gerund; clause ↔ clause)—termasuk pada pola the + comparative, the + comparative.
Contoh Soal
Identifikasi dan perbaiki missing/incomplete comparison.
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Our prototype is more stable. → … more stable than the current release.
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The success rate in Clinic A is higher than Clinic B. → … higher than that of Clinic B.
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This API is as fast. → … as fast as the old API.
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The more you test, you find more bugs. → The more you test, the more bugs you find.
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Her explanation is clearer than the lecturer. → … clearer than that of the lecturer.
Rangkuman Inti (Key Takeaways)
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Missing or Incomplete Comparison muncul ketika unsur pembanding (than/as + X) hilang atau tak sejenis/tak paralel.
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Pastikan pola komparatif lengkap: -er/more/less … than dan as … as selalu diikuti pembanding yang jelas.
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Jaga paralelisme bentuk (frasa/klausa yang dibandingkan harus sejajar) di semua pola perbandingan.
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Gunakan that of / those of untuk membandingkan bagian dari sesuatu agar tidak terjadi apples-to-oranges comparison.
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Pada pola the + comparative, the + comparative, kedua bagiannya wajib ada dan paralel.
TERKAIT: Misplaced Modifiers TOEFL: Cara Mudah Mengenali & Memperbaiki “Keterangan Nyasar”
Soal dan Pembahasan
Berikut paket latihan 20 soal bergaya TOEFL khusus topik Missing or Incomplete Comparison lengkap dengan jawaban & pembahasan singkat. Format: pilih opsi (A–D) yang paling tepat agar perbandingan lengkap, logis, dan paralel.
1) The new policy is ______ the previous one.
A. more effective as
B. more effective than
C. as effective than
D. effective than
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Komparatif more + Adj harus diikuti than + pembanding. Opsi B lengkap dan benar.
2) This method is as reliable ______ the control method.
A. as
B. than
C. like
D. to
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Pola as + Adj + as + X wajib lengkap. Setelah reliable harus as (→ as reliable as…).
3) The ears of African elephants are larger than ______ Indian elephants.
A. those of
B. that of
C. than of
D. of those
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Bandingkan bagian ↔ bagian (ear ↔ ear). Gunakan those of (jamak) untuk ears.
4) Writing an abstract is more challenging than ______ in class.
A. presenting
B. to present
C. the presentation
D. to be presenting
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Jaga paralelisme bentuk: writing (gerund) ↔ presenting (gerund).
5) Our market share is higher than ______ ABC.
A. that of
B. ABC
C. those
D. that
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Hindari rujukan kabur. Bandingkan market share ↔ market share: that of + nama pihak.
6) The cost in Jakarta is higher than ______ Bandung.
A. in
B. at
C. of
D. than
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Sejajarkan unsur preposisional: in Jakarta ↔ in Bandung (paralel).
7) This interface is not as intuitive ______ the previous one.
A. as
B. than
C. like
D. to
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Derajat setara negatif tetap not as … as.
8) Renting those apartments costs about the same as ______ them.
A. lease
B. to lease
C. leasing
D. to be leasing
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Setelah as, bentuknya paralel dengan nomina/gerund sebelumnya: leasing.
9) What is written is clearer than ______.
A. what is spoken
B. spoken language
C. the spoken
D. speaking
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Jaga clause ↔ clause: what is written ↔ what is spoken (paralel).
10) ______ you practice, ______ your pronunciation becomes.
A. The more / the better
B. The more / the best
C. The most / the better
D. More / the better
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Pola correlative comparative harus ganda dan paralel: The more…, the ….
11) Tom is taller ______ his brother.
A. as
B. than
C. from
D. to
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Komparatif -er selalu diikuti than + pembanding.
12) The productivity this year is higher than ______ last year.
A. it was
B. those
C. that
D. it is
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Tegaskan acuan: productivity (this year) dibanding productivity (last year) → than it was.
13) The salary is higher for engineers than ______ technicians.
A. for
B. of
C. to
D. with
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Ulangi preposisi agar paralel: for engineers ↔ for technicians.
14) The results of the new trial are more consistent than ______ the old trial.
A. those of
B. that of
C. those
D. that
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: results (jamak) ↔ those of + the old trial (menjaga kesepadanan hasil ↔ hasil).
15) Her explanation is clearer than ______ the lecturer.
A. that of
B. those of
C. the one of
D. it is of
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Bandingkan explanation ↔ explanation: that of (tunggal).
16) This corridor is narrower than ______ we walked through yesterday.
A. the one
B. which
C. that of
D. those of
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Bandingkan koridor ↔ koridor: the one (referen benda sejenis dalam konteks).
17) The more diverse the team is, the ______ the solutions become.
A. more innovative
B. most innovative
C. the most innovative
D. more innovation
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: Bagian kedua pola korelatif membutuhkan the + comparative: the more innovative.
18) This year’s budget is larger than ______.
A. last year
B. last year’s
C. last years
D. the last year
Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: Bandingkan budget ↔ budget: last year’s (budget), bukan waktu/periodenya.
19) The population of City A is greater than ______ City B.
A. that of
B. those of
C. it is of
D. the one of
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan: population (tunggal tak-bisa-jamak) ↔ that of + City B.
20) Her scores are as high as ______ of her classmates.
A. that
B. those
C. those of
D. that of
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: scores (jamak) ↔ those of + her classmates (bandingkan skor ↔ skor).
SUMBER: Cambridge Grammar

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