Dalam bahasa Inggris, struktur kalimat tidak hanya berbentuk active voice (kalimat aktif) tetapi juga passive voice (kalimat pasif). Passive voice digunakan ketika penekanan diberikan pada objek atau hasil dari suatu tindakan, bukan pada pelaku. Materi ini penting bagi siswa SMA karena sering muncul dalam soal ujian, baik dalam bentuk pilihan ganda maupun esai.
Artikel ini akan menguraikan konsep dasar passive voice, aturan pembentukan, variasi bentuk sesuai tenses, penggunaan khusus, serta latihan soal lengkap dengan pembahasan.
Konsep Dasar Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah bentuk kalimat di mana subjek kalimat menerima tindakan, bukan melakukan tindakan.
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Active Voice: The teacher explains the lesson.
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Passive Voice: The lesson is explained by the teacher.
Dalam passive voice, fokus berpindah dari pelaku (the teacher) ke objek (the lesson).
Pola Umum Passive Voice
Pola dasar kalimat pasif adalah:
Subject + to be + past participle (V3) + (by + agent)
Keterangan:
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Subject = objek pada kalimat aktif.
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To be = disesuaikan dengan tense.
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Past participle (V3) = bentuk ketiga dari kata kerja.
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By + agent = pelaku, dapat dituliskan atau dihilangkan.
Pembentukan Passive Voice Berdasarkan Tenses
1. Simple Present
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Active: She writes a letter.
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Passive: A letter is written (by her).
2. Present Continuous
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Active: They are cleaning the room.
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Passive: The room is being cleaned (by them).
3. Present Perfect
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Active: He has finished the homework.
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Passive: The homework has been finished (by him).
4. Simple Past
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Active: The committee approved the proposal.
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Passive: The proposal was approved (by the committee).
5. Past Continuous
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Active: The students were doing the test.
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Passive: The test was being done (by the students).
6. Past Perfect
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Active: She had prepared the document.
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Passive: The document had been prepared (by her).
7. Simple Future
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Active: They will hold a meeting.
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Passive: A meeting will be held (by them).
8. Future Continuous (jarang dipakai dalam pasif)
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Active: They will be discussing the plan.
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Passive: The plan will be being discussed.
9. Future Perfect
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Active: The manager will have signed the contract.
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Passive: The contract will have been signed (by the manager).
Passive Voice dalam Kalimat Tanya
Yes/No Questions
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Active: Did she write the report?
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Passive: Was the report written (by her)?
Wh- Questions
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Active: Who teaches English here?
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Passive: By whom is English taught here?
Penggunaan Khusus Passive Voice
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Tanpa Menyebut Pelaku
Jika pelaku tidak penting atau sudah jelas, frasa by + agent sering dihilangkan.-
Example: The thief was arrested.
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Kata Kerja yang Umum Digunakan
Passive voice biasanya dipakai dengan kata kerja transitif seperti write, build, make, see, choose. -
Impersonal Passive
Dalam bahasa formal, passive digunakan untuk menyatakan fakta tanpa menyebut pelaku.-
Example: It is believed that the earth is round.
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Tabel Ringkas Passive Voice Berdasarkan Tense
| Tense | Bentuk To Be | Contoh Active | Contoh Passive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | is/are + V3 | They read books. | Books are read. |
| Present Continuous | is/are being + V3 | She is cleaning the floor. | The floor is being cleaned. |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + V3 | He has repaired the car. | The car has been repaired. |
| Simple Past | was/were + V3 | They built a house. | A house was built. |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + V3 | He was painting the wall. | The wall was being painted. |
| Past Perfect | had been + V3 | She had written a novel. | A novel had been written. |
| Future Simple | will be + V3 | They will announce the result. | The result will be announced. |
| Future Perfect | will have been + V3 | He will have completed the task. | The task will have been completed. |
📘 Latihan Soal Passive Voice (20 Soal + Pembahasan)
1. The book ___ by Shakespeare.
a) was writing
b) is written
c) were written
d) wrote
✅ Jawaban: b) is written
Pembahasan: Subjek tunggal, present tense → is + V3.
2. The window ___ yesterday.
a) broke
b) was broken
c) is broken
d) breaks
✅ Jawaban: b) was broken
Pembahasan: Keterangan “yesterday” → past tense.
3. A new road ___ in this city next year.
a) will be built
b) will built
c) is built
d) was built
✅ Jawaban: a) will be built
Pembahasan: Future tense → will be + V3.
4. The homework ___ by the students now.
a) is being done
b) was done
c) has been done
d) did
✅ Jawaban: a) is being done
Pembahasan: “now” → present continuous passive.
5. The thief ___ by the police.
a) caught
b) was caught
c) is catch
d) has catch
✅ Jawaban: b) was caught
Pembahasan: Passive past tense → was + V3.
6. English ___ in many countries.
a) speaks
b) spoke
c) is spoken
d) was spoken
✅ Jawaban: c) is spoken
Pembahasan: General truth → simple present passive.
7. The room ___ when I arrived yesterday.
a) was being cleaned
b) is being cleaned
c) has been cleaned
d) will be cleaned
✅ Jawaban: a) was being cleaned
Pembahasan: Proses sedang berlangsung di masa lampau → past continuous passive.
8. The letter ___ by her already.
a) is sent
b) has been sent
c) was sent
d) will be sent
✅ Jawaban: b) has been sent
Pembahasan: Ada kata “already” → present perfect passive.
9. The cake ___ by my mother tomorrow.
a) baked
b) is baked
c) will be baked
d) was baked
✅ Jawaban: c) will be baked
Pembahasan: Future tense → will be + V3.
10. The problem ___ before the meeting started.
a) had been solved
b) has been solved
c) was solved
d) is solved
✅ Jawaban: a) had been solved
Pembahasan: Terjadi sebelum peristiwa lampau lain → past perfect passive.
11. The news ___ on TV every evening.
a) announces
b) is announced
c) was announced
d) has been announced
✅ Jawaban: b) is announced
Pembahasan: Kebiasaan rutin → simple present passive.
12. This song ___ by many people last year.
a) sings
b) is sung
c) was sung
d) has sung
✅ Jawaban: c) was sung
Pembahasan: Ada keterangan “last year” → simple past passive.
13. The exam results ___ tomorrow morning.
a) announced
b) will be announced
c) are announced
d) was announced
✅ Jawaban: b) will be announced
Pembahasan: Future passive → will be + V3.
14. The wall ___ white yesterday.
a) was being painted
b) is painted
c) has been painted
d) will be painted
✅ Jawaban: a) was being painted
Pembahasan: Proses sedang berlangsung di masa lalu.
15. The work ___ by the students by the time the teacher came.
a) is finished
b) was finished
c) had been finished
d) has been finished
✅ Jawaban: c) had been finished
Pembahasan: Selesai lebih dulu sebelum kejadian lain → past perfect passive.
16. The meeting ___ at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
a) holds
b) is held
c) was held
d) will be held
✅ Jawaban: d) will be held
Pembahasan: Rencana di masa depan → future passive.
17. The bridge ___ last year.
a) is built
b) was built
c) will be built
d) has been built
✅ Jawaban: b) was built
Pembahasan: Ada keterangan waktu lampau → simple past passive.
18. The package ___ yet.
a) is not delivered
b) has not been delivered
c) was not delivered
d) not delivered
✅ Jawaban: b) has not been delivered
Pembahasan: Ada kata “yet” → present perfect passive (negatif).
19. “Did she write the report?” → Passive form:
a) Was the report written by her?
b) Is the report written by her?
c) Has the report been written by her?
d) The report was written by her.
✅ Jawaban: a) Was the report written by her?
Pembahasan: Interogatif simple past passive.
20. “Who teaches English here?” → Passive form:
a) By who is English taught here?
b) By whom is English taught here?
c) English is taught here.
d) Who English is taught here?
✅ Jawaban: b) By whom is English taught here?
Pembahasan: Wh-question → gunakan “by whom” pada passive.
✅ Ringkasan (Key Takeaways)
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Passive voice digunakan untuk menekankan objek/hasil, bukan pelaku.
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Rumus umum: S + to be + V3 (+ by + agent).
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Bentuk passive bergantung pada tense (is/are, was/were, has/have been, will be, dll).
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Pelaku (agent) bisa disebutkan atau dihilangkan.
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Passive voice sering muncul dalam teks formal, berita, laporan, dan ujian.
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